Intervention Approaches Used in the Evaluations Reviewed (N=40)
| Interventions | Description |
|---|---|
| Comprehensive Services | |
| Provision of multiple services | May include contraceptive services, contraceptive education, maternal/infant/child health services, child care, social work services, and/or home visitation |
| Contraceptive Information and Services | |
| Provision of contraceptive services | Through clinical or home-based delivery, includes counseling on correct method use and side effects |
| Comprehensive sexuality education | Includes contraceptive education, availability and correct use of contraceptives, sexual health and responsibility, dispelling myths about contraceptives |
| Pregnancy testing | Provision of monthly pregnancy tests |
| Surveys of contraceptive use | Regular assessments to monitor contraceptive use |
| Counseling on use of LAM with or without emergency contraception | Contraceptive services organized to provide LAM counseling and education; may include take-home supply of emergency contraception |
| Postpartum contraception | Provision of contraceptive services and counseling in the immediate or extended(24 months) postpartum period |
| Planning for Contraceptive Use and Pregnancy Planning | |
| Antenatal contraceptive plan | In antenatal period, clients encouraged to articulate fertility intentions and prepare contraceptive plan to achieve fertility intentions |
| “Implementation Intention Formation” training | Training in “if-then” planning: “If I am brushing my teeth in the morning, then I will take my contraceptive pill.”21 |
| Planning the next pregnancy | Clients encouraged to state the preferred timing of their next pregnancy |
| Community-Based Social and Behavioral Change Communication | |
| Interpersonal counseling on fertility return after live birth | Clients advised that fertility can return before menses returns and, to avoid unintended pregnancy, not to wait for menses return before starting use of contraceptives |
| Interpersonal counseling on healthy pregnancy spacing | Clients advised of health/quality of life benefits of spacing next pregnancy 24 months after last birth, and potential adverse outcomes for mother and infant of closely spaced births |
| Social networks/group discussions in homes of village influentials | Group discussions to convey accurate information about contraceptive methods, advance understanding of the positive benefits of contraceptive use, and encourage discussions about contraceptive use with husbands and friends |
| Peer counseling interactions | Counseling by and discussion with social groups who have similar age, background, and social status as subjects |
| Motivating, Mentoring, Goal Setting | |
| Cell phone counseling | Using cell phones, project counselors use standardized curricula (based on teen's goals and needs) to hold weekly counseling calls for the first 6 months, followed by calls every 2 weeks for the next 12 months, for a total of 42 counseling sessions over 18 months. Cell phone service provided 450 minutes per month of use without surcharge. |
| Goal setting | Nurses/social workers assist teens in preparing short- and long-term plans to achieve life goals |
| Mentorship curriculum | Use of planned mentorship curriculum by providers who have had similar life experiences and often serve as “big sisters” |
| Home visitation | Periodic visits by nurses/community health workers to the homes of postpartum women, usually once a month over a 1–2-year period, to provide education, counseling, and/or contraceptive services |
| Motivational interviewing | Use of a counseling style that “emphasizes an individual's personal goals and self-efficacy in relation to complex behaviors”20 |
| Skills training and job placement | Educational support for adolescent mothers under age 16 to return them to school, and skills training and job placement for adolescent mothers over age 18 |
Abbreviation: LAM, Lactational Amenorrhea Method.