| Cluster-Level DiD Analysis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted for Baseline Prevalence | Adjusted for Baseline Prevalence and Confounder Score | |||||||
| Behaviors | Survey | Control Arm No. (%) | Intervention Arm No. (%) | Crude DiD | DiD (95% CI) | P Value | DiD (95% CI) | P Value |
| Maternal health | ||||||||
| 4 or more ANC visits | BS | 2562 (50.8) | 2470 (37.0) | |||||
| MD | 1012 (61.0) | 1212 (48.4) | 1.2 | -3.5 (-17.8, 10.9) | .61 | -5.6 (-23.7, 12.5) | .50 | |
| Saving money during the pregnancy | BS | 2562 (62.8) | 2474 (56.4) | |||||
| MD | 1012 (67.4) | 1212 (69.8) | 8.8 | 9.8 (1.0, 18.6) | .03 | 12.8 (1.4, 24.2) | .03 | |
| Health facility delivery | BS | 2562 (81.8) | 2470 (56.0) | |||||
| MD | 1012 (92.4) | 1212 (65.3) | -1.3 | 1.1 (-11.0, 13.2) | .85 | -1.0 (-12.6, 10.6) | .85 | |
| Newborn health | ||||||||
| Breastfeeding initiation within 1 hour after birth | BS | 2556 (32.6) | 2463 (26.8) | |||||
| MD | 1003 (31.2) | 1194 (31.5) | 6.1 | 8.5 (-6.7, 23.6) | .24 | 9.0 (-16.9, 34.9) | .46 | |
| First bath delayed for 24 hours or more after birth | BS | 2556 (55.9) | 2463 (49.3) | |||||
| MD | 1003 (66.0) | 1194 (52.0) | -7.4 | -5.5 (-16.3, 5.4) | .29 | -3.4 (-19.1, 12.4) | .64 | |
| Health care seeking in a health facility or with a CHW (2 weeks prior to interview) | ||||||||
| Fever | BS | 735 (63.7) | 637 (50.2) | |||||
| MD | 777 (73.1) | 744 (65.9) | 6.3 | 4.2 (-7.9, 16.3) | .46 | 5.0 (-9.7, 19.6) | .47 | |
| Fast/difficult breathing | BS | 302 (56.6) | 381 (44.4) | |||||
| MD | 203 (70.9) | 180 (62.8) | 4.1 | -2.9 (-27.0, 21.2) | .80 | 10.5 (-18.0, 39.1) | .43 | |
| Diarrhea | BS | 559 (57.8) | 514 (44.9) | |||||
| MD | 264 (65.5) | 349 (65.0) | 12.4 | 12.0 (-2.0, 26.1) | .09 | 17.5 (2.5, 32.5) | .03 | |
| Treatment (2 weeks prior to interview) | ||||||||
| ACT or quinine IM/IV for fever | BS | 735 (17.3) | 639 (16.9) | |||||
| MD | 797 (34.6) | 766 (32.8) | -1.4 | -4.1 (-12.7, 4.5) | .32 | 0.0 (-11.5, 11.5) | >.99 | |
| Antibiotic for fast/difficult breathing | BS | 302 (28.2) | 382 (27.0) | |||||
| MD | 210 (33.8) | 188 (45.2) | 12.6 | 13.8 (-7.9, 35.5) | .19 | 29.6 (3.5, 55.7) | .03 | |
| ORS or more liquids for diarrhea | BS | 560 (41.1) | 516 (30.6) | |||||
| MD | 274 (42.0) | 354 (55.9) | 24.4 | 14.9 (2.0, 27.8) | .03 | 9.5 (-5.6, 24.7) | .19 | |
| Homemade solutions for diarrhea | BS | 560 (6.8) | 516 (6.8) | |||||
| MD | 275 (6.2) | 362 (8.3) | 2.1 | 3.3 (-6.2, 12.9) | .46 | 3.2 (-10.5, 16.8) | .62 | |
| Nutrition | ||||||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding (day prior to interview, 0–5 months old) | BS | 428 (44.6) | 450 (42.4) | |||||
| MD | 323 (61.6) | 361 (50.4) | -9.0 | -10.3 (-24.3, 3.6) | .13 | -8.7 (-28.2, 10.8) | .34 | |
| Complementary feeding (day prior to interview, 6–11 months old) | BS | 418 (55.5) | 411 (49.9) | |||||
| MD | 313 (57.8) | 394 (52.3) | 0.1 | -3.3 (-17.4, 10.7) | .61 | -10.0 (-27.6, 7.7) | .24 | |
| Growth monitoring (past 6 months, 0–23 months old) | BS | 1525 (59.7) | 1615 (51.1) | |||||
| MD | 1358 (66.3) | 1513 (58.1) | 0.4 | 0.1 (-11.1, 11.4) | .98 | -2.6 (-17.3, 12.0) | .70 | |
| Bed net use | ||||||||
| Children under an ITN the night prior to interview | BS | 2567 (60.3) | 2475 (58.5) | |||||
| MD | 2585 (91.4) | 2596 (87.8) | -1.8 | -2.7 (-8.9, 3.5) | .35 | -3.9 (-12.4, 4.7) | .34 | |
| Women under a bed net during their last pregnancy | BS | 2560 (65.6) | 2468 (62.5) | |||||
| MD | 2586 (79.2) | 2594 (80.0) | 3.9 | 2.1 (-5.3, 9.5) | .55 | -0.6 (-10.6, 9.3) | .89 | |
| Sanitation | ||||||||
| Household latrine ownership | BS | 2559 (19.5) | 2458 (25.0) | |||||
| MD | 2585 (27.8) | 2596 (35.2) | 1.9 | 0.0 (-11.2, 11.3) | >.99 | 6.0 (9.3, 21.4) | .40 | |
| Safe disposal of children's last stoolsa | BS | 2566 (14.1) | 2475 (15.3) | |||||
| MD | 2562 (19.1) | 2577 (21.2) | 0.9 | 0.2 (-6.4, 6.8) | .95 | 2.4 (-7.0, 11.8) | .58 | |
| Hand washing with soap the last time women cleaned their child who defecated | BS | 2535 (37.5) | 2401 (36.4) | |||||
| MD | 2428 (45.6) | 2426 (44.2) | -0.3 | -1.6 (-21.0, 17.8) | .86 | -10.5 (-35.9, 14.9) | .38 | |
Abbreviations: ACT, artemisinin-based combination therapy; ANC, antenatal care; BS: Baseline survey; CHW, community health worker; CI, confidence interval; DiD, difference-in-difference; IM/IV, intramuscular/intravenous; MD: Midline survey; ORS, oral rehydration solution.
↵a Defined when the child used a latrine or when the stool was thrown into a latrine or buried.